PRAGMATICS AND SEMANTICS OF EXPRESSIVES

Abstract

The article is devoted to the consideration of speech acts that belong to the class of expressives. The general structural division of human speech is determined by the typological differentiation of speech acts that make up the living speech space. The theory of speech acts deals with the identification of different types of utterances, their structural and functional analysis. Expressiveness of speech, its manifestation is one of the cardinal and quite popular linguistic problems, as it is related to the emotional attitude of the speaker to the addressee and to the content of the speech. The purpose of the proposed survey is to study the nature and composition of the class of expressives. Expressives can generally be characterized as a two-way(reciprocal) speech act, which can act as the initiation of dialogic interaction or be a reaction to an external (verbal or non-verbal) stimulus, but, as a rule, expressives initiate interaction, they are carried out, as it were, "outside the speech context". Expressive speech acts are considered as acts that realize the intention of expressing a psychological state and exerting an emotional influence on the addressee. The conditions for the success of expressives are as follows: emotional state or emotional attitude of the speaker; positive or negative charge of expressive statements; condition of sincerity. Expressives include evaluative speech acts, as they are a "private case" of evaluative speech acts. It is proposed to distinguish two subclasses of speech acts within the class of expressives: sociatives speech acts expressing recognition by the speaker the listener as a member of the same social group, which is expressed in certain standard situations (greetings, apologies, congratulations, sympathy, thanks, regret, toast, sympathy, blessing); emotives are speech acts expressing an emotional-evaluative relationship and emotional impact, which the speaker uses as sanctions that regulate the listener’s performance of his social and interpersonal roles (praise, condemnation, compliment, insult). These speech acts are carried out with different goals, under different conditions, based on different canonical speech and categorical situations.