Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series «Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication»
The academic journal “Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series ‘Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication’” is a specialized scholarly periodical dedicated to the advancement of contemporary philological research, the expansion of international academic dialogue, and the dissemination of current research findings in the fields of Germanic languages, literature, translation studies, and intercultural communication. Est. 2014. Founder: Kherson State University. Founder's ROR: https://ror.org/04cbe1f31. ISSN: Print 2663-3426, Online 2663-3434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426. Frequency: 2 times a year. Languages: Ukrainian, English, German. Cluster: Humanities and Arts. Specialty: B11 Philology (by specialization). Based on the Order of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine dated 14.05.2020 № 627 (Annex 2) the journal is included in the List of professional editions of Ukraine (category "B") in the area of philology (B11 – Philology (with specializations)). Registration of Print media entity: Decision of the National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine No. 2944 as of 24.10.2024. Media ID: R30-05624. Media entity – Kherson State University (EDRPOU code 02125609; Universytetska str., 27, Kherson, 73000, e-mail: office@ksu.ks.ua, tel. +38 (096) 310-26-36). Publisher: Publishing House “Helvetica” (EDRPOU code 38044877; 6/1 Inglezi St., Odesa, 65101, Ukraine; Tel.: +38 (095) 934-48-28, +38 (097) 723-06-08; e-mail: mailbox@helvetica.ua; Certificate of publishing activity entity ДK No. 7623 dated 22 June 2022). Publisher ROR: https://ror.org/0021ckm71. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases: V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, Index Copernicus International (Republic of Poland). The journal serves as an open intellectual platform for presenting new ideas, concepts, and methodological approaches in linguistics and the humanities. It promotes the integration of Ukrainian scholars into the global research community and supports academic cooperation among universities, research institutions, and scholarly centers worldwide. The principal aim of the journal is to publish original, academically rigorous, and methodologically sound studies that explore the functioning of Germanic languages, developments in literary processes, mechanisms of intercultural interaction, issues of translation, language education, discursive practices, and linguistic representations of the contemporary world. The journal welcomes both fundamental and applied research whose outcomes are relevant to academic scholarship, higher education, professional translation practice, international communication, cultural diplomacy, and the development of multilingual societies. Priority thematic areas include: • Germanic linguistics (English, German, Scandinavian, and other Germanic languages); • general, comparative, and contrastive linguistics; • theory, history, and practice of translation; • literary studies of the Germanic-speaking world; • intercultural communication and communicative strategies; • sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and pragmatics; • cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis; • language policy and linguistic identity; • methodology of foreign language teaching; • digital humanities and corpus-based research. The journal seeks not only to publish research results but also to cultivate a space for meaningful academic discussion on current challenges in philological scholarship. Interdisciplinary studies combining philology with cultural studies, media studies, psychology, sociology, history, education, and digital technologies are especially encouraged. Special attention is given to supporting early-career researchers, doctoral candidates, and emerging scholars through transparent submission procedures, independent peer review, and professional editorial guidance. The journal further aims to: • uphold high standards of academic integrity; • promote responsible citation practices and open science values; • disseminate Ukrainian humanities research internationally; • develop professional terminology in Ukrainian and foreign languages; • increase the visibility of high-quality studies in international indexing systems; • foster intercultural understanding through scholarly dialogue. The editorial board recognizes that philology in the contemporary world is not limited to the study of language and text, but also functions as an important means of understanding social processes, cultural transformations, and global communication. For this reason, the journal supports research capable of combining the depth of гуманistic analysis with the relevance of present-day challenges.
AGREEMENT VS PRESS RELEASE: LEXICAL CONTRAST IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE OFFICIAL WARTIME COMMUNICATION
The article presents a contrastive lexical analysis of English-language official bilateral agreements and official pressreleases reporting the same or directly related signing events in wartime discourse. The relevance of the study lies inthe need to distinguish two related but functionally different forms of official communication: the agreement as a legalinstitutionaltext that codifies obligations, and the press release as a public-interpretative text that explains the meaningof the event to a wider audience. Unlike studies focused on the general linguo-cognitive characteristics of official businessdocuments or on the quantitative operationalization of their perlocutionary potential, this article concentrates specifically on the genre-conditioned lexical contrast between legal codification and public framing. The material of the study includesthe official English-language texts of Ukraine’s security agreements with the United Kingdom, Poland, Croatia, and France,the corresponding official signing news items and statements, and the G7 Joint Declaration of Support for Ukraine asa comparative example of a public diplomatic formula. The findings show that agreements tend to foreground institutionaland procedural units such as Participants, cooperation, capabilities, assistance, implementation, and long-term support,whereas press releases more actively employ dynamic, concrete, and evaluative units such as enables, interception,victory, ambitious, and practical consequences. Therefore, the agreement–press release pair is a productive object forEnglish lexicology because it demonstrates how one event receives two different lexical realizations depending on genre,addressee, and communicative purpose.
DARSTELLUNG DES KRIEGES IN ESSAYS VON KATERYNA MISHCHENKO: EINE LINGUISTISCHE ANALYSE
This article examines the linguistic representation of the war in Ukraine in two essays by the Ukrainian author KaterynaMishchenko, “Nebeneinander” (2025) and “Spiegel der Seele” (2023), which have been translated into German. Researchinto the portrayal of war in various media is of great social relevance and academic topicality. At the heart of the study liesthe question of how different linguistic devices are employed to vividly and emotionally reflect the experience of Russia’scurrent, technologically driven and, at the same time, existential war of annihilation against Ukraine. Methodologically,the study is grounded in approaches from literary studies and linguistics that examine the representation of war and violencein modern literature and journalism. It employs an integrative methodological approach that combines narratologicalanalysis with linguistic methods such as critical discourse analysis, cognitive metaphor theory and cognitive metonymytheory. The academic research focuses on three key questions: 1) How is war represented linguistically and narratively?2) What role do metaphors, metonymies, comparisons and epithets play? 3) Does Mishchenko employ new forms of warrepresentation? Following a brief overview of the theoretical foundations, the essays are analysed and interpreted. Theanalysis shows that the author portrays the war not as a linear event, but as a fragmented, simultaneous reality that unfoldsbetween everyday life and a state of emergency. Particular attention is paid to the role of language, metaphors, menonymy, comparisons, etc. The article argues that Mishchenko’s texts establish a new form of war representation that combinestestimony, reflection and poetic condensation. The article opens up perspectives for comparative studies on mediality inUkrainian and European literature.
JUDICIAL METAPHORS FROM SEMANTIC, CONCEPTUAL AND TRANSLATION PERSPECTIVES
This paper examines the use and translation of metaphors in the argumentative sections of judgments issued by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Metaphor plays a fundamental cognitive and rhetorical role in legal discourse, enabling judges and litigants to articulate abstract legal principles, structure factual narratives, and frame persuasive arguments. The study analyses conventional metaphors, in particular those embedded in descriptions of police conduct, prison practices, and the actions of domestic courts that contribute to a broader conceptualization of the state as rights violator. For the purposes of this research a corpus of ECtHR judgments was created and the metaphor identification procedure was applied. The study distinguishes between transcultural and monocultural legal metaphors and evaluates the translation strategies applied, including image transfer, image substitution, reduction to sense, and omission. The findings demonstrate that metaphors are central to constructing persuasive narratives of rights violations and that their translation affects the transmission of conceptual and evaluative meaning across legal systems.
COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF THE RECEPTION OF UNNATURAL NARRATIVE IN METAMODERN LITERARY DISCOURSE (BASED ON THE WORKS OF KAZUO ISHIGURO)
The article is aimed at revealing and explaining the cognitive mechanisms involved in the interpretation of unnatural narrative elements in contemporary metamodern literary discourse. The focus is placed on the limitations of traditional cognitive models, particularly conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual integration (blending), in explaining the interpretation of complex literary images characterized by multidimensionality, contradiction, and internal tension. An alternative approach is proposed, substantiating the necessity of employing the mechanism of conceptual amalgamation at the initial stage of the reader’s reception of metamodern literary texts through the concept of oscillation. Oscillation is understood as a dynamic movement between different interpretative perspectives, while amalgamation is viewed as cognitive mechanism that ensures the simultaneous coexistence of conflicting meanings within a single cognitive structure. Conceptual oxymoron is seen as a model that captures the tension between incompatible cognitive frames and facilitates the emergence of new meanings. The article develops a multi-level model of reception that includes an initial automatic unconscious stage followed by a stage of conscious interpretation. Particular attention is paid to the interpretative strategies as mechanisms for the naturalization of unnatural reader experience. Based on previous research and the author’s analysis, the following strategies are identified: metaphorical reading, intertextual operations, immersive logic of the fictional world, thematic and archetypal interpretation, frame elaboration, interpretation through narrator’s cognitive bias, phenomenological reading, and anti-naturalization. It is proved that these strategies are not mutually exclusive but may operate simultaneously, forming a complex model for interpreting unnatural elements in literary texts. Unnatural narrative elements are shown to function as cognitive stimuli that activate reader’s interpretative processes and contribute to his/her moral and emotional reflection. Emergent meaning is construed as the result of interaction between the text and the reader within an integrated cognitive system.
MEDIATEXT IN THE PARADIGM OF INTERTEXTUALITY
This article offers a comprehensive analysis of media texts within the paradigm of intertextuality, viewed as one of the core categories of contemporary linguistics, media linguistics, and mass communication theory. Intertextuality is interpreted as a multidimensional phenomenon integrating linguistic, cultural-semiotic, cognitive-communicative, and discourse-oriented approaches to the text analysis. The study outlines the principal theoretical perspectives on intertextuality, distinguishing between broad (cultural and literary) and narrow (linguistic and applied) interpretations, and demonstrates their relevance for the investigation of mass mediatexts. Special attention is given to the classification and modelling of intertextuality, including intertextuality proper, paratextuality, metatextuality, hypertextuality, and architextuality, as applied to media discourse. The article examines the specific role of a quotation in journalistic texts and differentiates between its fact-oriented informational function and its evaluative, image-forming function based on precedent texts and cultural references. The intertextual dimension is shown to contribute significantly to the meaning construction, textual playfulness, and interpretative strategies in media communication. The study also addresses genre hybridity and contamination in modern media, highlighting the interaction between journalism, advertising, and public relations, which raises important professional and ethical concerns. Emphasis is placed on the multimodal, polycode, and creolized nature of contemporary media texts, shaped by the technological development and the diversity of media platforms and communication channels. The paper concludes that intertextuality constitutes an ontological property of media texts and functions as a flexible and productive analytical framework. It enables a systematic understanding of media texts at semantic, structural, and semiotic levels and provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of meaning production in mass communication.
DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION IN TRANSLATION STUDIES: ON-OFF COGNITIVE TOGGLE OR A CONTINUUM OF THE NATIVE-FOREIGN INTERACTIO (PART 2)
The second part of the article immerses the reader into the practical, transversal dimension of translation studies. Arguments are provided as to why the very nature of this concept best conveys the essence of the processes taking place in the modern world and directly reflected in the translation domain. It has been determined that the term, in its evolution, has passed through various interdisciplinary stages. It is concluded that although transversality as a concept has not been directly applied in translation studies, the research conducted at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries vividly exemplifies the transversal orientation. It is shown that its presence – as well as the phenomenon of transversality itself – can be read between the lines. For A. Berman this is ethical interpenetration, that is, the transversality of the native and the foreign; for L. Venuti foreignisation transforms into a transversal movement that cuts through the resistance of cultural norms; M. Baker views translation as re-narration which itself represents an act of transversality as multi-species stories are continually re-read and interwoven; M. Cronin’s concept (idea) of eco-translation likewise embodies movement between and through, where species, cultures, languages and technologies, etc transversalize in a dynamic act of translation of mutual balance. Within the framework of this study, an attempt has been made for the first time to reinterpret this concept – specifically, to mark it conditionally by the scale of cene-epochs, which constitutes the novelty of the research. Such an approach – reading translation studies through the prism of trans-cene-versal model – helps to grasp the key translational plateaus between which the vectors of domestication and foreignization move now. An assumption is made that orientation within the spaces of Anthropocene, Chthulucene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Pyrocene, and Technocene translation allows the translator gradually develop a lasting transversal meta-skill of calibrating the friction between native and foreign horizons, which determines relevance of this study. A situational case-study has been modeled to demonstrate translation as the process of decoding concepts in which context outweighs form. Therefore, to guide the vector of foreignization or domestication in the right direction, the translator must penetrate beyond the surface level of forms and access the conceptual layer where cultural prediction enables the transformation of literalism into a full reconstruction of relevant meanings. It is concluded that future research should continue to follow the trans-cene-versal trajectory, allowing translators to keep pace with the epoch, to understand and anticipate the scale of changes awaiting the field of translation studies, which has already stepped into the realm of the algorithmic subject – one existing within the space of multimodality and humanmachine collaboration.
THE INTEGRATION OF ANGLICISMS INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGE STRUCTURES
This article examines issues in the lexical-semantic and communicative-cognitive branches of linguistics, whichprimarily concern the occurrence of foreign words and expressions in other linguistic units. It is precisely this process thatdemonstrates the universal need of peoples for communication, both in historical and contemporary contexts, in the realmsof politics, science, culture, and so on. Of course, the lexical aspect is the most telling indicator of any changes in a language –particularly in terms of its enrichment, clarification, and refinement — which is primarily linked to the development of a givensociety and, consequently, to the role of language as an active social and societal factor. Consequently, this processof enriching the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language reflects the general need of peoples to communicate inaccordance with political, social, scientific, and cultural life, among other factors. Thus, the lexical aspect of languageserves as a vivid reflection of a society’s culture and its modernization at the international linguistic level in the contextof globalization and international cooperation. The incorporation and assimilation of foreign words, followed by their use in Ukrainian speech, demonstrates the generalnecessity of this process not only for the Ukrainian language but also for the source language — which, in the contextof the issue at hand, is English. English loanwords, their semantic and functional characteristics, and their figurativeand spiritual essence contribute to the enhancement of pragmatic interlinguistic communication. The use of loanwordshas its own history and its own patterns of adoption by other languages, as well as their assimilation in accordance withthe meaning of the new construction and the context and culture in which it is used. Loanwords play an important role inthe lives of peoples, since language reflects a people’s current state, its image, and its spiritual essence.The article includes a number of illustrative examples that support the theoretical findings of this study.
DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE THROUGH ONLINE SPEAKING CLUBS: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL COLLABORATION AT KHERSON STATE UNIVERSITY
The article analyses the key aspects of developing intercultural competence among higher education students in the context of global digitalisation and the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic and under martial law in Ukraine. The study focuses on the case of Kherson State University’s implementation of Online Speaking Clubs as an effective tool for international virtual cooperation, Internationalisation at Home (Manning & Marku, 2024), and the development of intercultural competence. The theoretical basis of the study of intercultural communication as interaction between people from different cultural, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds is grounded in the works of M. Byram, M. Bennett, and D. Deardorff. The objective of the research is to analyse the tools of intercultural communication used in Online Speaking Clubs and to assess their effectiveness in developing various students’ skills. The article describes the methodology for conducting classes, which partially adapts the Story Circles methodology by D. Deardorff. The structure of the sessions is highlighted, including icebreakers, vocabulary activities, mini-group discussions in breakout rooms, and a reflection phase. Special attention is paid to the use of digital platforms and tools, such as Zoom, Miro, Padlet, Mentimeter and Kahoot, which help to create an inclusive, interactive, and informal English learning environment. The Online Speaking Clubs project implementation demonstrates the successful cooperation of Kherson State University with the University of Kent and the University of Arden (Great Britain), which gives Ukrainian students the opportunity to regularly communicate with native speakers and foreign volunteers. The results of the study indicate that participation in clubs helps to increase students’ confidence, overcome language barriers, and develop intercultural awareness, empathy and critical thinking. Furthermore, the role of humour and authentic cultural exchange in reducing anxiety is analysed. Despite the technical challenges posed by the war in Ukraine, the project has proven its effectiveness in supporting students in their studies and in forming “intercultural speakers” capable of successful interaction in the international academic environment. The article offers valuable recommendations for educators on implementing virtual exchanges in higher education.
LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF THE POETIC TEXTS OF THE MOVEMENT “NEW OBJECTIVITY”
The article deals with characteristic linguistic and pragmatic features of the lyrical poetic texts of E. Kästner and J. Ringelnatz as representatives of the artistic movement “New objectivity” based on the leading methodological principles of pragmatic poetics and stylistics. The lyrics of the “New objectivity” is denoted by the term “useful lyrics” because it is aimed at the value and usefulness for the reader, who should use it in everyday life, according to the themes of the day and the representation of reality, directed at feelings. According to the linguistic and pragmatic focus of the study based on generally taken differentiation of literature forms and genres the term “lyrical poetical discourse” is used, which is understood as a subtype of the literary discourse, a speech and mental communicative activity of perception and the artistic image of reality or the creation and artistic expression of the fictitious reality as the whole world or some of its elements in a certain unity, in the aggregate of linguistic creative communication of the author of the poetic text with its reader (addresser with the addressee) in the form of a lyrical poetic text, which models the cultural and linguistic universe of a certain era on the basis of the action of the poetic function of language with the help of various linguistic and speech means. Pragmatic characteristics of the lyrical poetical discourse of the “New objectivity” become apparent in three types of communication: 1) aesthetic communication; 2) content communication “author – reader” with two varieties: a) “author-protagonist” and b) “protagonist-reader”; 3) content communication “character 1 – character 2”. The types of communication determine the producing of speech acts and actualization of implicatures. There are two types of speech acts in the lyrical poetical discourse: 1) referential, based on an imaginary reference, and 2) self-referential, based on poetic self-reference. In most of E. Kästner’s poetic texts, assertive speech acts are produced, directives and contactives occupy a significant part, and the most frequent triggers of implicatures are irony, simile and compositional devices. The vast majority of speech acts in J. Ringelnatz’ poetic texts are assertives, directives, contactives and expressives, the most frequent triggers of implicature are foreign language vocabulary, language game, occasionalisms, irony and simile.
MULTIMODAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH ADVERTISING TEXT
The purpose of the article is to establish types of multimodal metaphors in English advertising texts of print media on quantitative and relative criteria using methods of conceptual and implicature analysis. An advertising text is addressed as multimodal (also videoverbal, creolized, polycode etc.), i.e. a polycode construct which consists of verbal and nonverbal signs in printed form, is produced within the advertising discourse and reflects the producer’s intention to influence the recipient’s decision to acquire the advertised product or use the service. The analysis uses cognitive metaphor theory which describes the interaction of two spheres of knowledge – the source and target concepts – based on an ontological characteristic that connects both metaphorical concepts and appears as a concept or a proposition. Through mapping (transferring qualities (characteristics) from one conceptual sphere to another), the recipient’s mind builds a metaphorical proposition of the pat­tern something is like something. Advertising texts activate a chain of implicatures in the recipient’s mind, the final one always expressing a directive illocution of offering that follows the pattern Buy our product! / Use our services! A multimodal metaphor is a conceptual metaphor, i.e. a mental projection of characteristics from one domain to another. It advertising texts, it takes place through the interaction of verbal and nonverbal components. Unlike the monomodal metaphor (verbal or visual), where the target and source concepts lie in the same mode of communication, a multimodal metaphor’s source and target concepts belong to different modes. Analysis of English advertising texts of print media allows classifying the multimodal metaphor on two criteria: quantitative and relative. By the number of metaphoric propositions (quantitative criterion), multimodal metaphors are divided into simple (with one metaphorical sentence) and complex ones (with two or more metaphorical propositions, or complicated by metonymy – a visual metaphtonymy). The relative criterion (relation of language and image) suggests three types: 1) the visual part complements the verbal; 2) the verbal part complements the visual; 3) both parts are self-sufficient. The above types of multimodal metaphor show that modern advertising text is a holistic polycode construct whose verbal components coexist in interaction with nonverbal ones.
THE METHODOLOGY OF EXPLICATION OF IMPLICATES IN AMERICAN POETIC TEXTS OF THE XX CENTURY
This paper focuses on the problem of disintegration of different types of information created by multilevel semantic structure of the text: context factual, context conceptual and implicational. The purpose of the paper is to develop basing on the main principles of cognitive linguistics and its branch cognitive poetics the complex methodology of inferential analysis of implicates. The diversity of theoretical interpretations of the nature of implicitness caused by the multiplicity of its semantic-cognitive creation is due to the constant attention of scientists to the problem, the study of which in each new scientific paradigm highlights new facets and prospects of study. To explicate hidden senses the first task is to define the concepts: implicitly, implicative space, implicate, implicate indicator; the second step is to detect symbol words that influence the realization of implicates in poetic texts, the third is by means of the inferential method of analysis to explicate the underlying information. The methods forming inferential analysis enable to single out hidden senses on all textual levels. The role and place of the components of implicit senses are defined according to the quality and quantity of their indicators. Archetypal symbols, allegorical images, symbols, parables, titles, stylistically marked or salient units of the text, its specific syntactic constructions are considered as indicators of implicates. It is proved that the dominant means in the formation of implicates on the pre-textual level are analogical and contrastive types of mapping, on the intra-textual – constructive and substitutive, on the extra-textual level – the narrative type of mapping. Results of the investigation and the inferential analysis approbation deal with the linguistic and cognitive mechanisms of formation of implicates in poetic texts, show the chain of cognitive operations that provide explication of implicates. It is viewed that poetic text possesses two sides of verbal expression of author’s attitude to the world around: explicit and implicit. The integrative model of the implicative space grounds on the mechanisms employed in the formation of its components on different levels of a poetic text. This model helps to define linguistic and cognitive aspects of construing the reality in the American texts of the XX century.
SPEECH INTERRUPTIONS AS BACKCHANNEL ITEM
The paper provides the study of speech interruptions as backchannel item in interaction. The reasons for the interruption studyas backchannel item are determined, as well as the aim of the research is outlined. The complex methodology with the use of the method of linguistic description in connection with such techniques as observation, comparison and generalisation, discourse analysis in combination with contextual analysis, is presented. The interruption is elucidated not as a violation of politeness, but as a manifestation of care, attention, and consent. Particular attention is paid to the demonstration of solidarity in the situation of interruption, which is implemented within the framework of positive politeness and as a feedback signal. Discursive markers in the situation of speech interruption in the context of oral spontaneous dialogical discourse are presented, which are a characteristic fearure of the interruptions aimed at expressing consent, solidarity, attention and assistance. The connection of discursive backchannel itemsand phatic function in communicative interaction, according to which interruption as a manifestation of empathy is an indicator of interest, affection, and active listening, is formulated. It has been established that discursive markers are necessary to reflect the recognition of the addressee role, the demonstration of attention and support. The results obtained illustrate that interruptions should not be interpreted only as a display of dominance, power, the desire to stop the interaction. It is statedthat interruptions can serve as a means of backchannel, whereby the function of discursive markers is to obtain a positive communicative effect, namely, to achieve agreement, understanding, show solidarity and assistance. It is suggested to analyse the interruption in the context of other discursive markers in the interruption utterance. The results of the research are bolstered with the examples of dialogical discourse taken from the movies and works of contemporary British and American authors of the XX – XXI centuries. The prospects for study consist in further investigation of age characteristics, non-verbal means of the interruption, as well as strategies and tactics, which are involved in responding to the speech interruptions, that will allow a more detailed study of an addressee factor.
ON THE COMPLEX NATURE OF A SIMPLE WORD: A DIACHRONIC LINGUOSYNERGETICS VIEW
The article is devoted to the consideration of the historical dynamics of the morphological structure of a few simple (from the point of view of modern English) words. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the mobility of morphemic boundaries in the course of the historical development of the English language as a synergetic megasystem. The object of the investigation is the morphologically simple words of modern English; the subject is the formation of the morphological structure of the selected words in retrospect. Methodologically, the work is based on the main categories of diachronic linguistic synergetics, including the theory of fractality of the language system organization. Linguistic synergetics is considered to have emerged as an interdisciplinary research program in language study based on the categorical apparatus and synergetics methods. It is defined by the author as one of the methodological approaches to the description of the dynamic space of a language; the latter is understood as successive shifts of the states of the ever changing language megasystem. Without denying the systemic organization of the language, linguistic synergetics complements the philological tradition with a view of language as an open, non-linear, changing, self-organizing system. At the same time, the process of development is understood as a multi-staged phase regulation of some kind of structural integrity. The article mentions the wide applicative potential of synergetic methodology in modern studies of language and speech, text and discourse. A particular emphasis is placed on the use of categories of synergetics in re-analysis of historical changes in the morphological composition of words. The article includes such structural components as an introduction, three sections and conclusions. The introduction outlines the purpose, object and subject of research, as well as the methodological foundations of the latter. The first section contains the definition of synergetics as an interdisciplinary science and lists its main tasks. In the second section, attention shifts to the heuristic potential of implementing the categories of synergetics in philological research on the whole and in language change study in particular. The main purpose of the diachronic linguistic synergetics is seen by the author in modeling the evolution of a particular language system and / or its subsystems with predicting options for a further possible change due to multi-vector bifurcations and the variety of potential attractors. The third section of the article lies within historical lexicology and is devoted to the consideration of the dynamism of the internal boundaries of the word in the course of the development of the English language. The findings indicate that the derivational system of the English language exhibits a synergetic property of fractality and demonstrates the dynamism of internal, namely inter-morphemic, boundaries. Further research may include the analysis of the morphological composition of words belonging to other languages, followed by comparison of the results obtained.
DEVELOPMENT OF LINGUISTIC-AND-METHODICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES WITHIN THE COMPETENCE-BASED APPROACH
The main focus of foreign language teachers training in developed countries is to provide the labor market with highly skilled specialists, with a high level of knowledge in the sphere of foreign languages, who are able to effectively select the forms, methods and technologies for successful and efficient teaching at a standard level for the implementation of inter­cultural interaction strategy. Such training is based on the competence-based approach of prospective specialists training. The article analyzes the development of linguistic-and-methodical competence of prospective teachers of foreign lan­guages in foreign countries within the framework of the competence-based approach. It will help to understand and reveal destructive tendencies in the national system of higher education, to identify the prospects for improving the system of development of linguistic-and- methodical competence of prospective teachers of foreign languages in the process of their professional training at the present stage. The main components of the subject competencies development of future foreign language teachers, organizational models of basic training of foreign language teachers, the experience of implementing a competency-based approach in foreign countries of Europe and North America are introduced in the given research. The division of approaches to the organization of educational activities in the framework of the program for training teachers is also presented. The purpose of teaching of future foreign language teachers in the modern foreign pedagogical space is characterized; as well as a number of factors which need to be considered for the effective training of future professional teachers are highlighted. Linguistic-and-methodical competence gives the future foreign language teachers the ability to be competent in both linguistic and methodological aspects, which is a key condition for successful professional activity. The prospects of introducing the above mentioned key competencies into the process of training of future foreign language teachers within the competency-based approach in the national educational system require further study.
REALIZATION OF THE WAR MOTIVES IN MODERN ENGLISH POETIC DISCOURSE
The article is devoted to the study of the war motives in modern English poetic discourse. The publication focuses on the ways of implementation of the war motives. The main focus is on the delineation of the terms motives and concept. The need to relate the concept of “motive” to the study of poetic discourse is due to the fact that the motif is understood as a stable semantic element of literary text, which is repeated within a range of literary works, in particular modern poetic texts. The relevance of the notion motif is due to the fact that in the poetic discourse the basis of each motif is stable word-image and leitmotif’s vocabulary. The structurally-meaningful unit that accumulates the idea of war and makes the reader discover the motives of war is the concept WAR. The concept WAR, realized in the language with the help of various means, occu­pies an important place in the linguophilosophical picture of the world. War is a basic phenomenon of culture and can be regarded as a cultural concept that correlates, on the one hand, with the mental processes, and on the other hand, with the world of culture. The main characteristics of the concept are multidimensionality, integrity, universality, constancy, ethnocul­tural marking and verbalization. Based on such criteria, the concept of WAR appears as a mental national-specific entity, the content of which is a set of knowledge about the phenomenon of war. The article clarifies that the study of linguistic perspectives of poetic discourse on military topics is directly related to the problems of information security, peculiarities of information and psychological operations. The research can reveal the techniques for manipulating the consciousness of social or ethnic groups, gaining new knowledge about the linguistic tools of information wars, new knowledge on the prob­lems of “language and consciousness”, “language and ideology”. Modern English poetry discourse contains many motifs of war: the motive of death and the motive of life, the motive of patriotic frustrations, the motive of war control, the motive for the death of civilians, the motive of society, faith, patriotic motive.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF INTENSIFICATION OF EVALUATORY STRUCTURES IN THE ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE
The paper deals with the problems of evaluatory intensification in the discourse. The intensification of evaluative structures is of particular interest in the study of pragmatic significance. The purpose of the proposed article is to analyze linguistic resources that contribute to the intensification of evaluation in the English language literary discourse. The meth­odology is determined by the tasks, the material, the nature of the article and is of complex character. One of the main ways to increase the evaluator y meaning of the utterance is the explicit means of expression of the speaker’s modal attitude to the reported information represented by modal words and adverbs. Effective intensifiers of evaluative structures are a variety of expressive means and stylistic devices: hyperbole, epithet, simile, rhetorical question. Evaluative words perform a specific syntactic function – they are definitions of words-classifiers. Intensification of the evaluator y meaning is also carried out by clarifying text units that modify the main predicative line of the basic sentence or its adverbial components. The intensified character of the evaluation can be traced also in the one-complex personal sentences, where the attribute functions as a semantic predicate. Thus, the intensification of the evaluator y meaning can be carried out in various ways, but all of them are conditioned by the peculiarities of linguistic behavior, the logical parameters of the design of thought, and other factors of the speech-mental process and are characterized by: a) the combination of the same marks of evaluation; b) the interplay of various evaluation marks; c) the transfer of evaluatory signs of explicit utterances to the implicit parts of the text. Lexical-syntactic intensifiers used to enhance the evaluation reveal the presence/absence of the ideal in the environment by establishing the degree of significance of the object for the subject in terms of conformity/inconsistency of the object to the needs, interests and desires of the subject.
SYNTACTIC MEANS OF POLITENESS CATEGORY REALIZATION
The present paper is devoted to the study of syntactic means of politeness category realization, which serve the object of our investigation, in the English language. The purpose of our research was to define and to thoroughly describe the syn­tactic models and structures that are used to express politeness category in speech. The data for the research included 120 speech episodes picked up from the texts of modern English novels. The material selected presents the fictional discourse because it illustrates the most favourable communicative medium with the purpose to expose interpersonal relations and reflects the maximum proximity of reproduced spoken language to real communication. To achieve the purpose of our investigation the following general scientific and linguistic methods were applied: the method of synthesis and analysis; the method of scientific observation; the method of contextual and interpretational analysis. The results of the research conducted are the following ones. Politeness is regarded as the universal communicative category which is characterized by national specific features which, in their turn, are realized by certain strategies and tactics aimed at harmonious and conflict-free communication. Moreover, it serves to decrease threatening nature of some speech acts that can impinge upon the hearer’s face. Such face-threatening acts include requests, orders, advice, invitations, offers and suggestions, etc. That is why in the English communicative culture it is widely accepted to use such syntactic structures and models that minimize the possibility of conflict. Such syntactic structures include indirect questions and subjunctive mood. Indirect questions minimize face threat as they give the possibility to the addressee to respond negatively without doing any harm to his own social image. The subjunctive mood helps the addresser to express his order in a mitigated form, thus, being polite and preserving the further harmonious interaction. In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that politeness cate­gory can be realized in speech not only by means of standard clichés, but also by means of different syntactic structures that allow the speaker to remain polite and explicate the respectful attitude to the partner of communication.
FRAME MODELING OF THE CONCEPT MEDICINE (ON THE MATERIAL OF LEXICOGRAPHIC SOURCES AND ARTHUR HAYLEY’S NOVEL “STRONG MEDICINE”)
Concepts reflect the processes of world perception, categorization and conceptualization of reality. Conceptual structures are examined by such scholars as V.I. Karasyk, O.S. Kubriakova, Yu.S. Stepanov, Y.A. Sternin, V.M. Teliia, I.B. Shtern etc. The aim of this article is to model the frame structure of the concept STRONG MEDICINE on the bases of lexicographic sources and the novel “Strong Medicine” by Arthur Hailey. The study identified the slots of the concept STRONG MEDICINE using the comparative analysis of the definitions of the lexeme medicine and the idiom strong medicine in lexicographic sources. This helped to single out the basic slot of the frame structure of the concept STRONG MEDICINE – “Something you are treated with” and the slot “Purpose of using medicine”. The investigation of Arthur Hailey’s novel “Strong Medicine” helped to identify the slots: “Those who treat with the help of medicine”, “Those who are treated with the help of medicine”, “Those who distribute medicine”, “Purpose of using med­icine”, “Institutions where medicine is used” and “Medicine inventors”. The usage of the semantics of linguistic networks, suggested by C.A. Zhabotinska, helped to identify five basic frames organizing the concept STRONG MEDICINE in Arthur Hailey’s novel “Strong Medicine”: the Object, Action, Possesion, Identification and Comparison frames. In the article for the first time the frame structure of the concept STRONG MEDICINE was modeled and the specifics of its actualization in Arthur Hailey’s novel “Strong Medicine” were analyzed using the method of SLN by С. A. Zhabotinska. This comprises the scientific novelty of the study. The scientific significance of the article is proved by its relevance, which corresponds to the general tendency of cog­nitive linguistics to examine the artistic works from the point of view of the identification of the relation of national, cultural and individual specifics in the writer’s conceptual picture of the world. The analysis of the concept STRONG MEDICINE and its results contribute to the development of theoretical issues of cognitive science, which states the theoretical significance of the article.
IMPLICIT WARNING SPEECH ACTS IN THE MODERN GERMAN DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE
In the article on the material of contemporary German dialogical discourse implicit speech acts of warning are con­sidered in order to establish the peculiarities of their expression with the use of pragmatic linguistics methods – speech act analysis and analysis of implicatures. The object of the study are utterances that produce the speech act of warnings with implicatures in the German dialogical discourse, which are investigated for the subject of linguistic and pragmatic characteristics. The research is based on the material of German fictional texts and serials of the 20th–19th centuries, showing a character’s speech close to the spoken language. The warning speech act is considered as a hybrid illocu­tionary type, which is characterized by the simultaneous implementation of two illocutions – assertive and directive ones. These illocutions are related at the level of the propositional content: the directive component is the inducement of the sender to the addressee to an action in the interests of the latter, and the assertive component – the message of a certain state of affairs relevant for the imputed action. The warning speech act proposition is complicated: its parts are in relation of addition, moreover, they often have common arguments. The speaker has two perlocutionary goals, one of which (to make the addressee believe that the proposition is true) subordinate to another (to force him to take measures). Two illocutions – assertive (message) and directive (advice) – can be expressed both explicitly and/or implicitly. In an explicit speech act, the two parts of the warning are expressed in an explicit way – by utterances of the narrative and inductive clauses, respectively. The implicit speech act is understood as a speech act, one of whose components, or both, assertive and directive is/are expressed in an implicit way. An implicit expression means the intending of an implicature – an implicit meaning that the speaker intends, and the recipient deduces based on the literal meaning of the linguistic units and the discursive context. An implicit warning speech act has three types of expression: 1) the assertive component is expressed explicitly, the directive component is implicit, 2) the directive component is expressed explicitly, the assertive component is implicit, 3) implicitly expressed are both components. The third type has two varieties, depending on the structural type of sentence it is expressed – narrative or questionable.
LEXICOGRAPHIC PROCESSING OF CONCEPT ДРУГ/FRIEND
The article deals with cognitive studies dealing with the problems of categorization of the surrounding reality and the objectification of knowledge using language units. The problem of understanding linguistic units as structures of knowl­edge representation is relevant, since the set of concepts can be used to judge the mental model of reality reflected in the language in general and in the linguistic consciousness of specific native speakers, in particular. As a research object, the concept ДРУГ/FRIEND was chosen in terms of vocabulary processing. The work uses comparative and descriptive methods. With the help of lexicographic processing, which covers various types of dictionaries, common and different features in the understanding of the chosen concept by Russians and Eng­lishmen are fixed. The definitions of the words ДРУГ/FRIEND in explanatory, etymological, word-formation, synonymic, antonymic dic­tionaries, dictionaries of lexical compatibility of the Russian and English languages are compared. As a result of the vocabulary processing of the concept ДРУГ/FRIEND, it was possible to establish that the main dif­ference in the understanding of the concept ДРУГ/FRIEND in Russian and English-language dictionaries is as follows. In English, the concept represented by the word FRIEND does not contain the component “spiritual intimacy”, which is important for the Russian language. Instead, to define the word FRIEND, words are sometimes used that are associated with intimate, love relationships. This difference is due to the etymology of words. In both languages, the concept FRIEND is represented by rather large word-formation nests. Thus, this concept is firmly fixed in the minds of the speakers of Russian and English languages and is of great importance in their language consciousness. English language demonstrates a more diverse set of synonyms and antonyms of the concept FRIEND than Russian. This is explained by the wide range of meanings of the word FRIEND and the extralinguistic factors. Lexicographic treatment of the concept ДРУГ/FRIEND demonstrates that there are common and distinct features in the concept understanding. The main difference is that in English the concept represented by the word FRIEND does not contain the component “spiritual intimacy”, which is important for the Russian language. Instead, for the definition of the word FRIEND, “love affair” is of particular importance. This difference is due to the etymology of words. In both languages, the concept FRIEND is represented by rather large word
“TO SPEAK” AS A PRIMARY VERBAL LEXEME OF THE SPEECH CONCEPT
The purpose of the study is to analyze the lexeme to speak as the primary form of the SPEECH concept, as well as to compare it with the further corresponding nominative lexeme. Methods. Analyzing the lexical means of verbalization of the SPEECH concept, we primarily refer to the diachronic characteristic of the corresponding nuclear lexeme. Let us turn to the defining analysis of the polysemic lexeme to speak, which in the interpretive English vocabulary collectively consists of 8 sememes, as well as the speech lexeme or in another terminology of lexico-semantic variants. Results. The English verb to speak in a combination of transitive and non-transitive forms is a polysemic lexeme that counts for fifteen hundred families; each of them actualizes its own set of sememes which are explicated through definitions in the relevant parts of the dictionary article. Our task is to isolate these sememes, combine them into semantically interconnected bunches, and identify certain correlations between the seme set of verbal and noun components of the nominative subject. In general, the nominative to speak / speech has 15 verbal and 8 nominal sememes. The cognitive perspective of our study gives rise to considering the deep content structure of this nominateme and structuring its value as a schematic imprint of a particular situation. The central link in this structure is, of course, the predicate, which, in combination with the actants (implementing the semantic valency of the predicate), forms a predicate-actant frame, to which the circonstants (or circumstances of the situation) are joined. Predication expresses the contents of an event as a process, a relation, a characteristic inherent in a particular subject. In the analyzed nominateme, the predication to speak reflects the act of speaking as a process. With all the diversity of the actants distinguished by role grammar, in our study it is sufficient to distinguish the agence and the patience, which fill the existing valencies of the predicative to speak. In the same way, from the variety of pos­sible circonstants, we consider these two ones, which are relevant to the predication under study: the circonstant of the intended purpose of action, and the circonstant of the way of action. Conclusions. Summing up, we affirm that the core of the verbalized concept SPEECH, which is one of the three components of the integrated concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH, is split into an etymologically primary verbal lexeme to speak and derived from its nominal lexeme speech. This is the structural difference between the SPEECH nuclear concept from the other two – WORD and LANGUAGE, the core of which is represented exclusively by nominative lexemes word and language.
AMERICAN MARKETING DISCOURSE AND MULTIMODALITY: COGNITIVE AND COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS
Marketing discourse is built on new conceptual images, it also encompasses the relationships between the participants of this discourse, viewed in their language expression, and possesses features which are characteristic of this discourse in the modern world. The study of marketing discourse from a multimodal perspective is one of the key issues in contemporary linguistics. The purpose of the article is to reveal the cognitive and communicative aspects of marketing discourse as a whole and of multimodality as one of its characteristic features in particular. The methodology of this research, which is grounded on the aim and the tasks, requires an integrative multidisciplinary approach which combines the methods and former research findings of such disciplines as cognitive linguistics, discourse studies, communicative linguistics, semiotics, visual semantics. In the context of the article business discourse is defined as a type of institutional discourse, the key attributes of marketing discourse being a type of business discourse are singled out, the specifics of multimodality as one of the characteristic features of marketing discourse are outlined. It is assumed that multimodality is one of the key features of American marketing discourse which is a type of business discourse. Marketing discourse as well as other types of business discourse is a variety of institutional discourse, its participants are members of the professional community of business people and their clients, whose interaction is organized around the key notions of business in order to achieve the aims of communication. Marketing discourse is a language-based set of activities aimed at creating the product and launching it on the market in the most successful way. Multimodality, interaction, dynamism, consistency, detail, creativity, and didacticism are the characteristic features of the analyzed discourse. It has been established that multimodality encompasses the use of several semiotic modes (numerous ways of their combinations) which include content and expression in the design of a semiotic product or event.
REACTIONS TO THE SPEECH ACT OF THREAT IN THE MODERN ENGLISH DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE
The purpose of the article is to establish the types of reactions to the speech act of threat in modern dialogical dis­course, in particular on its commission and policy components. The object of the study is the speech acts of threat, imple­mented in the modern English dialogical discourse, which are studied for the subject of the perlocative effect reflected in the reactions to it. The research methods are discourse analysis, context-situational and pragmalinguistic methods, the method of anal­ysis of non-verbal communication components, quantitative calculations, and the method of continuous sampling. The research results indicate that the threat is considered as a hybrid illocutionary type, which combines equal inherent components – directives and commissives. The directive component is the requirement to carry out a certain action expressed by the speaker to the addressee, the commissive component is the speaker’s obligation to perform a certain action against the addressee’s interests in the future in case of non-fulfillment of the requirement. The hybridity of the speech act of threat in the English dialogical discourse determines the specificity of the reactions to it. By criterion of the means of expression, these reactions are divided into non-verbal and verbal, according to the criterion of component of the threat – in reaction to commissive and reaction to derective components of the threat. The share of verbal and nonverbal reactions is in equilibrium, but the reaction to the directive component of the threat prevails. Verbal reactions to the speech act of threat by criterion of displaying its felicity rules demonstrate the following types: 1) reaction to the preparatory con­dition; 2) reaction to the proposition (explicit or implicit); 3) reaction to the condition of sincerity; 4) reactions to perlocution; 5) the reaction to illocution. As a conclusion it can be noted, that the most frequent are reactions to the preparatory condition of the speech act of threat.
LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF THE NOVEL “THE HUNGER GAMES” BY SUZANNE COLLINS: ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION
The purpose of the research is to investigate the lexical and stylistic peculiarities of the novel “The Hunger Games” by modern American writer Suzanne Collins in the Ukrainian translation by Uliana Hryhorash. The purpose determined the solution of the following tasks: 1) to analyze linguostylistic traits of the translated text; 2) to find out the interpreter’s and the author’s individual style features. The following research methods were used in the work: 1)the method of comparative analysis, for comparing the original and translation texts, identifying elements of the individual style of the author and translator; 2)Explication (descriptive method). As a result of the research, it turned out that the figure, extra-curricular experience, and the translator's erudition, have a tremendous effect on the quality and adequacy of the translation. It was found that before getting down to the translation, the interpreter should carry out a great deal of translation work, which consists of picking up additional information about the author and his work, about the era in which he lived, referring to critical articles, sources of original language culture, etc. It was found that the translation reflects the individuality of the translator, which appears in the use of lexical and stylistic elements of translation that do not have direct correspondences in the original text. When decoding a text the translator can also produce or identify the features of the first creation which primarily depends on his personality, life and professional experience, views on translation, certain translation instructions, implemented when working with a specific original. After analyzing the original and translation of the novel “Hunger Games” we came to the conclusion that in general the translator Uliana Hryhorash managed to preserve the linguistic and artistic dominants as components of the idiostyle of Suzanne Collins. The translation of the novel “Hunger Games” by Uliana Hryhorash is the source of enrichment of the Ukrainian lan­guage. The translator worked on reproduction of the word-building potential of the native language, using dialectal, colloquial, outdated vocabulary, various idioms to enhance the influence on the reader, and achieving the lexical and semantic correspondence of the original and translation. Uliana Hryhorash performed much of work and was able to reproduce the elements of Suzanne Collins’ style in her translation, as well as adapt the text of the translation for the Ukrainian reader. In general, we can say that the interpreter created the translation worthy of notice, rather than a hash of the work, reproducing the linguistic features of the heroes, styling the translation through the use of rarely used vocabulary, and bringing it closer to the Ukrainian reader through the familiar phraseology, vocabulary and stylistic techniques. The translation of the novel is adequate from the viewpoint of the original author’s style reproduction.
MITHPOETICS OF THE AUSTRALIAN INITIATION TALES (CASE STUDY OF ATHA WESTBURY’S FAIRY TALE “TIM”)
The research focuses on the study of the verbal realization of archetypical motifs and images in the Australian initiation tale “Tim” by Atha Westbury. It has been clarified that fairy tale is one of the verbal means of manifestation of the archetypes, that are fixed in human collective consciousness through mythological and folklore plots, motifs, images and symbols of different language communities. The plot of the initiation tales covers the hero’s search of valuable qualities or properties and their obtaining, so the prototype of this plot is the initiation ceremony. It has been proved that this ritual is of crucial importance for preserving religious and cultural costums and traditions of indigenous Australians. Therefore it has been analyzed in the research the embodiment of the Initiation ethnoarchetype in the Australian initiation tale. The conceptual implications of the Initiation ethnoarchetype, that are its structural components, have been distinguished from encyclopaedic and vocabulary sources. It has been described archetypical motifs of transformation, death and travel and archetypical images of the initiate and the elder, which reveal the deeper meaning of the analyzed ethnoarchetype. It has been proved that archetypical motifs and images, verbally embodied in the literary text of Atha Westbury, acquire figurative reinterpretation. The archetypical motif of transformation unfolds in the fairy tale’s plot about the change of a poor boy from a child into an adult, who has his own house and family. Also a text embodiment of the motive in the fairy tale is the depiction of the secondary character’s metamorphosis. In the plot development of the fairy tale the archetypical motifs of death and of travel are auxiliary ones. The archetypical image of the initiate transforms within the literary character of Tim by connecting of the archetypical features with non-archetypical ones. The transformation of the archetypical image of the elder consists in the embodiment of its various features in two separate characters. Due to the actualized in the literary text archetypical images and motifs, the verbal embodiment of the conceptual implications structuring the Initiation ethnoarchetype occurs.
PARATEXTUAL EPIGRAPH ELEMENTS (CASE STUDY OF STEPHEN KING’S NOVEL “CHRISTINE”)
The purpose of the article is to describe the stylistic potential of paratextual elements in the novel “Christine” by a modern American writer Stephen King. Methods. The descriptive method, as well as of structural-semantic and contextual analysis, allowed us to discover basic means of the paratextual elements conceptualization and define their functions. Results. It was determined that the epigraph is one of the paratextual elements that carries factual, conceptual and subtextual information in the novel under analysis, as well as introduces a significant layer of cultural information into the artistic space. Being closely related to the subtext and directly to the text of literary work, epigraphs promote a coherent reading of the novel since epigraphs bear an exact semantic projection of the artistic content of the corresponding text and act as a link between the chapters in the novel. The article presents a brief theoretical survey of the basic studies in this sphere in domestic and foreign linguistics; the main stylistic functions implemented by paratextual elements are identified. The study deals with the analysis of the composition and plot construction of Stephen King’s novels, which resulted in a number of features specific to the author’s novelistic techniques. Conclusion. The paratext was found to be an invariable element of Stephen King’s works, comprising the title, epigraphs, short prefaces and dedications, and playing an important structural and meaningful role in artistic and semantic comprehension of the novel under analysis. Paratext in the novel is closely associated with the further text and serves as a clearly deliberate projection of its content and a reader’s guide into this content.
MODERN UKRAINIAN TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF THE TRANSLATOR’S PERSONALITY INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSLATION PROCESS
Translator’s personality, the influence of his consciousness and the subjective choice on the translation process and result are attracting more interest nowadays as translation studies are going beyond the scope of the language-centered studies. The aim of the article is to analyze the Ukrainian scholars’ views on the effect of the translator’s personality on the presentation of the foreign language culture and the development of literally contacts among the peoples. The complex and integrative nature of the study produces the use of interacted methods. The general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used for: studying theoretical basis of translators’ creative personal characteristics not only in translation, but in related sciences; generating hypotheses, concepts, models, etc. The inductive method made it necessary to generalize the material and conclusions on the basis of the existing study. The deductive method was in use while adapting the principles of the general translation theory in the aspect of the suggested investigation, a pair of the involved languages, genre and style and functional varieties of the texts and/or their constituents. Classification and typological analysis was used to regulate and represent the studied material in the form of classifications and typologies. A translator as a participant of speech activity has a number of characteristics: linguistic, social, philosophical, psychological. They are interacted and influence each other. The translator’s personality as a cultural mediator still remains the driving force of intercultural relations and influences significantly the translation adequacy. The translator performs two tasks at the same time. On the one hand, he/she should save the contents of the source language message, taking into account its form specifics, and on the other hand, he/she tries to represent their identity details by creating the equivalent/adequate target language text. The study of the translator’s personality influence on the process and the result of the translation has broad prospects just today, as Ukraine is experiencing an incredible increase of translations in foreign languages not only of foreign authors but also Ukrainian ones. This process involves experienced translators as well as beginners who are still developing their own individual interpretative approach.
ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC CONDITIONS FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF PARONIMIC ATTRACTION
The aim of this article is to highlight structural and semantic specific features and conditions that make it possible for the notion of paronymic attraction to function in the text. The aim and the object of the research have determined the usage of the method of structural and semantic analyses due to which it is possible to classify the examples of paronymic attraction and to generalize peculiarities of their functioning in speech. The method of contextual and situational analysis is also applied in order to understand and to explain the informative, emotional and evaluative value of the examples with paronymic expressions in concrete types of texts. The article states that paronymic attraction is defined as a purposeful positional overlapping of lexical units that have the same or formally similar root morphemes. This fact provides for the combination of sense elements of both the words to denote a new phenomenon. The essence of paronymic attraction lies in the fact that these similar in their general semantics words enter the relations of semantic contamination, that, in its turn, leads to their semantic or formal changes or sometimes to the formation of a new unit. It has been found out that the usage of paronyms, as a rule, results in the appearance of unexpected semantic rela­tionships, when adding two meanings equals not their sum but new meanings. Paronyms can stimulate the appearance of positive or negative emotionality; they can also create more or less evident play on words in the concrete speech context. It is stated that the usage of paronymy results in the appearance of ambivalence that becomes possible due to the associative rethinking of etymologically related or derived words in the occasionally created syntagmatic environment. It may also be possible due to the random formal identity of the roots that denote different phenomena, which, if combined in paronymic attraction, will provide new connotations for the paronymic expression. Thus, paronymic attraction is a method of correlating in speech formally similar language units in order to create a play on the form and the meaning, in the course of which the prototypes of paronymic attraction enter a complicated process of semantic transformation. The result of the latter is the appearance of correlates that form an emotional and evaluative expression. The formal criteria of paronymic attraction can be repeated complexes of sounds or letters. It is necessary to take into account such factors as the identity of the position of the similar graphemes or phonemes in the correlates, the initial or final position of the units that coincide, the presence of the rhyme etc.
MEDIA DISCOURSE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF COGNITIVE PRAGMATICS
The article deals with the correlation of media-discourse with the cognitive and pragmatic subparadigm of linguistic studies. A particular attention is dedicated to the mental and verbal combination in the modern media-discourse. The relevant notions of cognitive pragmatics are outlined in the paper. The cognitive and pragmatic approach characteristics are determined regarding to the subject individual concept formation. Moreover, it is figured out that media-discourse and in particular a verbal activity is impossible to research not taking into account a basic mental component. The combination of cognitive and pragmatic aspects of media discourse research taking into consideration human mental processes serve as a basis for the construction of international institutions image. In this respect, the cognitive and pragmatic subparadigm regards a communicative interaction in media discourse as a process of mental activity actualization and focuses on the intentional characteristics of communication. The principle of anthropocentrism is a paper foreground. It means that the subject plays an important role in all spheres of human activity. A cognitive and pragmatic approach enables to combine effectively the ideas of structural and logical linguistics with the cognitive and communicative concepts. According to the fundamental principles of the above mentioned approach, the intention outlines an utterance structure and influences the processes of verbal means formation and selection. An inductive method is employed in all stages consecutively. The research is directed at the analysis of certain material up to the general views and conclusions. A method of dictionary definitions and component analysis are used to specify a meaning of terms. The use of pressing heuristic instruments makes possible to divide the notional space into dozens of significant topic blocks. Within the analytical and critical stage, general scientific methods are used including an analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, abstracting, specification, comparison, system analysis and linguistic techniques of discourse analysis. The focus on a system (socio- and anthropocentrism) presupposes the interpretation of language and speech activity as a whole that interrelates with a social medium.
ARCHETYPAL VERBAL IMAGES IN WORLD’S POETRY (AN EXPERIENCE OF MULTIMOAL ANALYSIS)
This article suggests a comprehensive multimodal analysis of poetic texts and explains the peculiarities of archetypal images and symbols. A special attention is drawn to reveling linguistic and stylistic means which ensure the embodiment of archetypal symbols into the texts of different poetic cultures. It has been argued that archetypal verbal images differ from idiotypal verbal images The former are built with the help of stylistic device of allusion on biblical, foclore or mythological motifs, themes and sjuzhe. The latter are construed on reconceptualization of meanings of archetypal symbols. Multivjdal analysis of the archetypal images and archetypal symbols in modernism and postmodernism made it possible to idetify the peculiar features of their formation in various literary shools as well as to reveal the dominant tendencies of the formation of novel and hidden senses in poetic texts .It had been proved that remythologization is characteristic of modernistic poetic texts while re-interpretatiojn of the content of archetypes is seen in the poetic verbal images of posatmodernism. Each Literary School boasts of its own special means of formation of verval images. Revival of archetypes is found in Symbolic Poetry, re-conceptualization of archetypal meaning shows up in postsymbolic vebal images. Archetypal colour meanings undergo various interpretations in creative activity of different authors. In modernism the tendency to convergence of stylistic devices leads to the emergence of novel verbal poetic images – image-parable. The development of esseistic and paradoxical thinking as well as the tendency to divergence of stylistic devices ensured the formation of a new kind of metaphor – metabole. The verbal poetic image-metabole is not devided into direct and indirect meaning.